原标题：奥密克戎来了！核酸检测和疫苗还有效吗？来看权威解答

新冠病毒奥密克戎 （ Omicron） 变异株正在引发全球高度关注。

11.09

南非首次从病例样本中检测到一种新冠病毒B.1.1.529变异株

On Nov 9, the B.1.1.529 variant was first identified in South Africa.

11.24

随着该变异株的迅猛扩散，南非首次将其报告给世界卫生组织

On Nov 24, the new strain was first reported to the World Health Organization from South Africa as it spreads ferociously in the country.

11.26

世卫组织将其定义为第五种“关切变异株”（variant of concern, VOC），取名希腊字母Omicron（奥密克戎）变异株

On Nov 26, the WHO designated it the fifth variant of concern (VOC) and named it Omicron after the Greek letter.

11.28

截至11月28日，南非、以色列、比利时、意大利、英国、奥地利和中国香港等，已监测到该变异株的输入

As of Nov 28, countries and regions including South Africa, Israel, Belgium, Italy, the United Kingdom, Austria, and the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, have reported cases of the new strain.

11月26日，世卫组织将奥密克戎定义为第五种“关切变异株”。图源：世界卫生组织

近日，国家卫健委和中国疾控中心针对奥密克戎的热点问题进行回应。

▌问：奥密克戎变异株是如何出现的？

How has it evolved?

奥密克戎变异株的突变位点数量明显多于近2年流行的所有新冠病毒变异株，尤其在病毒刺突蛋白突变较多。推测其出现的原因可能有以下三种情况（ Three scenarios likely explain its emergence）：

✩免疫缺陷患者感染新冠病毒后，在体内经历了较长时间的进化累积了大量突变，通过偶然机会传播；

The virus accumulated a large number of mutations through a persistent infection in an immunocompromised patient, and spread as a new strain through a chance event;

✩某种动物群体感染新冠病毒，病毒在动物群体传播过程中发生适应性进化，突变速率高于人类，随后溢出传染到人类；

The virus infected an animal group and, as a result, evolved at a faster mutation rate. It then spilled over into the human population;

✩该变异株在新冠病毒基因组变异监测落后的国家或地区持续流行了很长时间，由于监测能力不足，其进化的中间代次病毒未能被及时发现。

The new strain had already been circulating in places without sufficient monitoring systems for a long time, and earlier generations of the strain have been missed.

▌问：奥密克戎变异株传播力更强吗？

Is it more transmissible?

目前，全球尚无奥密克戎变异株传播力、致病力和免疫逃逸能力等方面的系统研究数据。但奥密克戎变异株同时具有前4个主要变异株Alpha （ 阿尔法） 、Beta （ 贝塔） 、Gamma （ 伽玛） 和Delta （ 德尔塔） 刺突蛋白的重要氨基酸突变位点，包括增强细胞受体亲和力和病毒复制能力的突变位点。流行病学和实验室监测数据显示，南非感染奥密克戎变异株病例数明显增加，并部分取代了Delta （ 德尔塔） 变异株，传播力有待进一步监测研究。

There is no systematic data on the new strain's transmissibility, pathogenicity or its ability to evade immunity. But it contains key mutations observed in four other variants of concern — Alpha, Beta, Gamma and Delta — as well as mutations associated with the enhanced ability to bind to human cells and multiply.

Epidemiological studies and monitoring data points to a spike in Omicron infections in South Africa that threaten to replace the dominant Delta strain. More research is needed to determine contagiousness.

德尔塔毒株与奥密克戎毒株刺突蛋白图片对比

图源：罗马儿童医院

▌问：奥密克戎变异株对现有疫苗和抗体药物会有影响吗？

What is the new strain's impact on vaccines and antibody treatment?

研究表明，新冠病毒S蛋白若出现K417N、E484A或N501Y突变，提示免疫逃逸能力增强；而奥密克戎变异株同时存在“K417N+E484A+N501Y”三重突变；此外，奥密克戎变异株还存在其他多个可能降低部分单克隆抗体中和活性的突变。突变的叠加可能降低部分抗体药物对奥密克戎变异株的保护效力，对现有疫苗免疫逃逸的能力，有待进一步监测研究。

Research shows that three mutations on the virus's spike protein — K417N, E484A and N501Y — are linked to a stronger ability to evade immunity. Omicron carries all three, as well as other mutations that will likely diminish protection provided by antibody drugs. More research is needed to determine its effect on existing vaccines.

中国疾控中心病毒病预防控制所所长许文波也在本周表示，中国针对奥密克戎变异株已经做好了包括灭活疫苗、蛋白疫苗、载体疫苗等多条技术路线的前期技术储备和研究，部分企业已经开始相关前期设计。

中国疾控中心病毒病预防控制所所长许文波

图源：中国网

▌问：奥密克戎变异株对我国现使用的核酸检测试剂是否有影响?

How about its impact on nucleic acid testing kits?

对奥密克戎变异株的基因组分析显示，其突变位点不影响我国主流核酸检测试剂的敏感性和特异性。但南非多个实验室的数据提示，对于检测靶标为S基因的核酸检测试剂可能无法有效检出奥密克戎变异株的S基因。

▌问：中国现在如何应对奥密克戎变异株？

How is China responding to the new strain?

我国的“外防输入，内防反弹”防控策略对奥密克戎变异株仍然有效。中国疾控中心已针对奥密克戎变异株建立了特异性核酸检测方法，并持续针对可能的输入病例开展病毒基因组监测。上述措施将有利于及时发现可能输入我国的奥密克戎变异株。

China's strategy of preventing imported cases and swiftly dealing with local resurgences remains effective against the Omicron strain. The Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention has established testing methods for the new strain and will continuously sequence genomes of imported cases to catch possible infections in a timely manner.

▌问：面对新出现的奥密克戎变异株，公众如何保护自己？

What can the public do to protect themselves against the new strain?

戴口罩仍然是阻断病毒传播的有效方式，对于奥密克戎变异株同样适用。即使已经完成全程疫苗接种和接种加强针的情况下，也同样需要在室内公共场所、公共交通工具等场所佩戴口罩。此外，还要勤洗手和做好室内通风。

Wearing masks remains the most effective way to stem the spread of the virus, including the Omicron variant. It is recommended that all people, including the fully vaccinated and those receiving a booster shot, wear masks in indoor spaces and on public transportation. Regular hand washing and good ventilation are also important.

我国也面临该变异株输入的风险，并且目前全球对该变异株的认识仍有限。因此，应尽量减少前往高风险地区，并加强旅行途中的个人防护，降低感染奥密克戎变异株的机会。

Given the limited understanding so far of the new strain and risk of infections in China, the public is recommended to avoid traveling to high-risk areas overseas and to step up personal protection during trips.

记者：王小予

编辑：商桢 李金昳

实习生：申乐

来源：国家卫健委、世界卫生组织、中国疾控中心

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